CiteDashThe American Medical Association Manual of Style (11th edition) uses superscript numbers for in-text citations, with a numbered reference list at the end. It is the required style for JAMA and the Archives journals, and is widely used in medical research. AMA 11th edition includes updated guidelines for citing electronic sources, social media, and datasets.
A scholarly article published in a peer-reviewed academic journal. Journal articles are the primary means of communicating original research findings in most academic disciplines.
A published monograph or edited volume. Books can be single-authored, multi-authored, or edited collections, and may be in print or electronic format.
A chapter or section within an edited book where each chapter is written by different author(s). The citation must reference both the chapter author(s) and the book editor(s).
Content published on a website that is not a journal article, book, or other formal publication. This includes web pages, blog posts, online news articles, and organizational reports published online.
A paper or presentation delivered at an academic or professional conference. Conference papers may be published in conference proceedings (a collected volume) or may be unpublished presentations.
An academic thesis or dissertation submitted for a degree. This includes master's theses, doctoral dissertations, and undergraduate honors theses. They may be published through a university repository or database such as ProQuest.
A technical, government, or organizational report. Reports include white papers, working papers, policy briefs, technical reports, and documents published by government agencies, NGOs, or research organizations.
An article published in a newspaper, either in print or online. This includes news reports, opinion pieces, editorials, and feature articles from daily or weekly newspapers.
An individual episode of an audio podcast series. Citations should identify the host, the episode title, the podcast name, and where listeners can access it.
A video published on YouTube. This includes educational lectures, talks, interviews, documentaries, and other audiovisual content hosted on the platform.
Official reports, policy papers, and publications from government agencies, including federal, state, and international organizations.
Research datasets, statistical databases, and data repositories used in academic research.
Utility patents, design patents, and patent applications from national and international patent offices.
Posts from Twitter/X, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and other social media platforms cited in academic work.
Court decisions, case law, and legal opinions from federal, state, and international courts.
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