Sample

A sample is the portion of the population from which you actually collect data. Because studying an entire population is usually impractical, researchers select a smaller group using a defined sampling method, such as random, stratified, or purposive sampling. How the sample is chosen determines what kinds of conclusions are justified: probability samples support statistical inference to the population, while non-probability samples support depth and insight but weaker generalization.

In a thesis, you must describe who or what was in your sample, how it was selected, and why that approach fits your research question. Examiners look for a match between sampling method and claims. Reporting the sample transparently, including its size and characteristics, lets readers judge how far your findings travel beyond the cases you studied.